TCP IP model

 TCP IP model



The TCP/IP model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a different approach to network communication compared to the OSI model.

Key Differences:

Layers: The TCP/IP model has 4 layers, while the OSI model has 7 layers.

Focus: The TCP/IP model takes a more practical approach, reflecting how data is actually communicated on the internet.

Development: The TCP/IP model emerged from real-world networking practices, while the OSI model is a more theoretical framework.

TCP/IP Layers:

Network Access Layer:

Combines the functions of the OSI model's physical and data link layers.

Deals with physical network connections, addressing, and media access control (MAC).

Internet Layer:

Similar to the OSI network layer.

Responsible for routing data packets across networks based on IP addresses.

Transport Layer:

Equivalent to the OSI transport layer.

Provides reliable data transfer services like TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).

Application Layer:

Encompasses the functions of the OSI session, presentation, and application layers.

Provides network services to applications like HTTP (web browsing), FTP (file transfer), and SMTP (email).

Relationship between OSI and TCP/IP:

Despite their differences, both models share some core concepts related to network communication.

The TCP/IP layers can be roughly mapped to their corresponding OSI layers, though the functionalities may be combined or divided differently.

Choosing the Right Model:

The OSI model is a valuable teaching tool for understanding the general principles of network communication.

The TCP/IP model better reflects how data is actually transmitted on networks like the internet.

In conclusion, both the OSI and TCP/IP models play a significant role in understanding network communication. The OSI model provides a foundational understanding, while the TCP/IP model reflects the practical realities of internet communication.

TCP IP Model origin

The origin of the TCP/IP model can be traced back to the late 1960s and early 1970s, driven by research and development efforts in the United States. Here are some key figures and events that shaped its development:

Early Research:

The seeds for TCP/IP were sown in research on packet-switching networks, a method for breaking data into smaller packets for efficient transmission over networks.

Researchers like Leonard Kleinrock and Paul Baran made significant contributions to these concepts.

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network):

Established by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) in the late 1960s, ARPANET was one of the first wide-area packet-switching networks.

The need for a common communication protocol across different network technologies used in ARPANET became crucial.

Vint Cerf and Robert Kahn:

These two researchers are widely considered the "fathers of the internet" for their pioneering work on the TCP/IP protocol suite.

In 1973, Vint Cerf and Robert Kahn co-authored a seminal paper titled "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication," which laid the foundation for TCP/IP.

Development and Standardization:

Through the 1970s, TCP/IP continued to be developed and refined by Cerf, Kahn, and other researchers involved in ARPANET.

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) was formed to oversee the further development and standardization of the TCP/IP protocol suite.

Adoption by ARPANET and Beyond:

In 1983, the U.S. Department of Defense officially standardized TCP/IP as the protocol suite for ARPANET.

This decision had a significant impact on the future of the internet, as TCP/IP became the dominant protocol for communication across networks.

The TCP/IP model emerged from a collaborative effort by researchers, government agencies, and engineers  who were instrumental in building the foundation for the internet as we know it today.  TCP/IP's ability to handle diverse network technologies and its focus on practical implementation  contributed to its widespread adoption.

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